The ancient Hellenes could have reached Canada in 56 AD--almost a millennium before the Vikings. This is according to a controversial study that claims during the Hellenistic period Greeks had such detailed knowledge of astronomy that they were able to pinpoint Atlantic currents that would propel them west.
This idea is based on a study of the text De Facie by Greek biographer and essayist Plutarch, who lived between 46 and 119 AD. A character in the texts recounts meeting a Greek stranger who had recently returned from a 'great continent--and scientists say this may have been Canada. Powered by sails and oars, they may have regularly visited Newfoundland, mined gold and set up colonies that thrived for centuries, the study claims. However, there is no concrete evidence of these trips and many historians and maritime archaeologists have dismissed the work as 'unfounded'.
These early settlers may have travelled for the sake of finding new lands or riches, researchers say. They believe some travelers would return home after a brief stay but for others the trip was one way.
Researchers acknowledge that they do not have evidence that these trips were made but believe they were possible, as suggested by the writings of Plutarch. This theory is based on evidence from Plutarch's work De Facie, also known as On the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon. In this work, which became familiar to classicists during the Renaissance, characters discuss whether the moon is another Earth, whether it has life, and other philosophical questions. One character recounts meeting a stranger who had recently returned from a 'great continent'. Dr. Liritzis, an archaeologist from the University of the Aegean, and his colleagues believe this content was in fact North America, specifically Newfoundland.
This is not the first time that this theory has been proposed. Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer who was a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, also believed that this reference was in relation to North America.
The stranger recounts how travelers made the trip every 30 years when Saturn appeared in the constellation Taurus. The ancient Greeks closely followed astronomical phenomena associated with Saturn, which was called Kronos at the time. The suggestion is these trips could have occurred every 30 years for centuries.
Unfortunately the first few chapters of De Facie have been lost so no one knows on what date these conversations happened so researchers had to date the story themselves. They focused in on a reference one of the characters made about a solar eclipse that happened at around midday. Dr. Liritzis and his colleagues then looked through 5,000 years of eclipses and found one that matched the description in Plutarch's writings. It took place in 75 AD. Next they looked at the decades surrounding the eclipse for evidence of Saturn appearing in Taurus and found it happened on three occasions - 26 to 29 AD, 56 to 58 AD, and 85 to 88 AD. They decided the trip was most likely to have occurred during 56 AD as this was the one when Saturn was most recently in Taurus. Travelers would have stayed one year and then sailed out in 58 AD when Saturn was no longer in Taurus, they claimed.
They looked at the Gulf Stream current, as well as other known sea currents in the northern Atlantic Ocean and estimated speed for the ship. The 'great continent' lined up with a bay on the same latitude as the Volhga River delta, the northern entrance to the Caspian sea. Using Google Earth, they predicted that Hellenic settlers would have been able to make it to St. Lawrence Gulf and ewfoundland island.
They claim the Greeks had good knowledge of sea currents and astronomy meaning that this would be a 'plausible event'. However, other experts have widely disputed the claims. Dr. Hector Williams from the University of British Columbia told MailOnline:
Brendan Foley, an underwater archaeologist at Lund University in Sweden told Hakai Magazine there is no way that first millennium BCE Mediterranean sailors would have any concept of Atlantic Ocean currents.
He also says there are no ancient Hellenic artefacts that contain gold traced to North America. Also, the paper claims the boats travelled at 10 knots, but this would be fast for even modern ships.
What do you thing? Plausible? I have my doubts. It's a very exciting idea, though!
This idea is based on a study of the text De Facie by Greek biographer and essayist Plutarch, who lived between 46 and 119 AD. A character in the texts recounts meeting a Greek stranger who had recently returned from a 'great continent--and scientists say this may have been Canada. Powered by sails and oars, they may have regularly visited Newfoundland, mined gold and set up colonies that thrived for centuries, the study claims. However, there is no concrete evidence of these trips and many historians and maritime archaeologists have dismissed the work as 'unfounded'.
These early settlers may have travelled for the sake of finding new lands or riches, researchers say. They believe some travelers would return home after a brief stay but for others the trip was one way.
Researchers acknowledge that they do not have evidence that these trips were made but believe they were possible, as suggested by the writings of Plutarch. This theory is based on evidence from Plutarch's work De Facie, also known as On the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon. In this work, which became familiar to classicists during the Renaissance, characters discuss whether the moon is another Earth, whether it has life, and other philosophical questions. One character recounts meeting a stranger who had recently returned from a 'great continent'. Dr. Liritzis, an archaeologist from the University of the Aegean, and his colleagues believe this content was in fact North America, specifically Newfoundland.
This is not the first time that this theory has been proposed. Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer who was a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, also believed that this reference was in relation to North America.
The stranger recounts how travelers made the trip every 30 years when Saturn appeared in the constellation Taurus. The ancient Greeks closely followed astronomical phenomena associated with Saturn, which was called Kronos at the time. The suggestion is these trips could have occurred every 30 years for centuries.
Unfortunately the first few chapters of De Facie have been lost so no one knows on what date these conversations happened so researchers had to date the story themselves. They focused in on a reference one of the characters made about a solar eclipse that happened at around midday. Dr. Liritzis and his colleagues then looked through 5,000 years of eclipses and found one that matched the description in Plutarch's writings. It took place in 75 AD. Next they looked at the decades surrounding the eclipse for evidence of Saturn appearing in Taurus and found it happened on three occasions - 26 to 29 AD, 56 to 58 AD, and 85 to 88 AD. They decided the trip was most likely to have occurred during 56 AD as this was the one when Saturn was most recently in Taurus. Travelers would have stayed one year and then sailed out in 58 AD when Saturn was no longer in Taurus, they claimed.
"By applying modern scientific data, the present reappraisal of the astronomical and geographical elements within this dialogue has produced a novel interpretation of the date and place of the meeting and a journey to the northern Atlantic Ocean."
They looked at the Gulf Stream current, as well as other known sea currents in the northern Atlantic Ocean and estimated speed for the ship. The 'great continent' lined up with a bay on the same latitude as the Volhga River delta, the northern entrance to the Caspian sea. Using Google Earth, they predicted that Hellenic settlers would have been able to make it to St. Lawrence Gulf and ewfoundland island.
"Other unnamed islands mentioned in this dialogue are identified with Norway's islands, Azores, Iceland, Greenland, and Baffin islands."
They claim the Greeks had good knowledge of sea currents and astronomy meaning that this would be a 'plausible event'. However, other experts have widely disputed the claims. Dr. Hector Williams from the University of British Columbia told MailOnline:
"While it is clever and interesting I don't think the Greeks reached Canada. Indeed the authors themselves admit there is no archaeological or other historical evidence for the Greeks ever having crossed the Atlantic. Such a crossing might theoretically be possible--there are numerous examples of Japanese fishing boats making it across the Pacific when caught in storms and carried by currents that run west-east, for example--but the Greeks rarely even made it out into the Atlantic (unlike the Romans who of course colonized Britain)."
Brendan Foley, an underwater archaeologist at Lund University in Sweden told Hakai Magazine there is no way that first millennium BCE Mediterranean sailors would have any concept of Atlantic Ocean currents.
"They certainly did not possess the navigational technologies and knowledge (à la Polynesian sailors) to position themselves in the open Atlantic Ocean to ride them."
He also says there are no ancient Hellenic artefacts that contain gold traced to North America. Also, the paper claims the boats travelled at 10 knots, but this would be fast for even modern ships.
What do you thing? Plausible? I have my doubts. It's a very exciting idea, though!
2 comments:
This is very unlikely. Aside from the archaeological evidence — or rather, the lack thereof, and I feel pretty sure ancient Hellenic cities in Newfoundland would leave traces still visible on the surface today — there is another issue with this tale. Why on earth would trips only be undertaken every THIRTY years? There'd be constant trips back and forth, keeping in mind seasonal weather and such that might hamper a trans-Atlantic trip. At best there'd be yearly period where trips went there and another period ideal for the coming back part.
I'm always wary of theories like this. It is important to not let your imagination carry you too far from the facts. There is a saying, "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence". While Plutarch's references to a continent west of Britain are exciting, I'd expect to see further corroboration of this -- especially archaeological evidence. There's also the challenge of crossing the North Atlantic, which is significantly more difficult than navigating the Mediterranean or the English Channel. Overall, while I can't rule this out entirely, I'm not convinced. For now, my opinion is that the only pre-columbian contacts were made by Vikings and Polynesians; anything else should be taken with a grain of salt.
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